Resources were heavily hit as big investors abandoned their last defensive position..
Wednesday and Thursday saw a collection of figures, reports and comments that confirmed that the global economy will drop below the International Monetary Fund's idea of a global recession in 2009: that's global growth of 3%.
It is now clear that the US economy is sliding, nastily, but speedily into a slump the like of which we haven't seen this side of World War 2. US consumers, who carry the US economy on their backs by generating 70% of annual activity, are being battered into submission.
Consumer spending, consumer credit and retail sales are all falling at levels not seen for decades. There is every chance that October's and November will see declines even sharper than we have seen in August and September.
The monthly investment manager's survey from Merrill Lynch, released overnight, says "Investors are waiting for the right conditions to return to equity markets amid the most pessimistic outlook yet recorded"
The survey, completed as global equity markets fell in value by 18.7%, shows that almost seven out of 10 respondents (69%) believe that the global economy has entered recession, up sharply from 44% one month ago.
Growing risk aversion has led to a record 49% of respondents who are overweight cash.
The number of respondents who believe equities are undervalued has reached a 10-year high, at 43%.
"Fund managers are waiting for the triggers that will give them the confidence to buy," said Gary Baker, head of equity strategy at Merrill Lynch.
What they are looking for is a loosening of monetary conditions and for third quarter earnings to clarify where problems and opportunities lie across equity markets."
But the survey showed that respondents appear to be placing little or no credibility in consensus earnings estimates for the year ahead. A net 92 % of respondents regard estimates as "too high," and more than half say estimates are "far too high."
At a time of global pessimism, the gloom is no more concentrated anywhere in the world than in Europe. A net 41%t of global asset allocators are underweight euro zone equities. Europe has now assumed the UK's mantle as the world's least popular destination for equity investment.
The survey also found U.S. fund managers are now much closer to fully accepting what they expect will be a deep and prolonged U.S. recession.
"In our view, however, it is too soon to say we have reached a bottom in equity markets given the current financial market turmoil," said Sheryl King, senior US economist at Merrill Lynch.
Oddly enough, we should be relieved by this information because there's something comforting by an acceptance of an impending or developing recession.
I'd much rather face that than the absolute fear and loathing we saw on markets last week in the global credit panic.
That's not to say the pressures from the panic have gone: they are still with us, but Wednesday and yesterday's weakness on global markets was more an old fashioned acceptance that economic activity is sliding and that there will be more pain and suffering before we get through it.
But not an absolute and stunning collapse.
We are not out of the woods by a long way, but if central banks and governments hold their nerves, we could get away with just a severe economic mauling instead of a replay of 1932-33.
So what happened?
The US Fed said that economic activity had worsened across all of its 12 reporting districts across the country with falling activity in retail, financial services, housing, tourism.
The Fed's beige book survey of economic conditions revealed pervasive weakness, with tight credit, deteriorating consumer spending and a weak labour market across the nation.
Fed chairman, Ben Bernanke and the head of the San Francisco Fed, Janet Yellen, both made it clear, in their own way, that there was no quick fix or early rebound for the slumping US economy.
That hopes of a recovery in 2009 were misplaced, and 2010 might see some improvement.
US industrial production fell sharply last month, hit by storms, slumping demand and the credit crunch. The Fed said the drop of 6% was the largest for 24 years and production would have dropped even if there hadn't been storms in the Gulf and a strike at Boeing.
Another Fed survey in Philadelphia showed a sharp contraction in manufacturing in the area, while the commercial paper market again shrank, but the rate of decline is slowing as the Fed starts lending money to leading companies.
US retail sales fell 1.2% in September, almost double the fall forecast by economists as cars, food and every category saw weakness. Sales on internet auction site, eBay off 1% in the quarter, the first fall in history of the company.
The fall left retail sales 1% lower than a year earlier, signalling that consumers withdrew substantially from US shops and malls in the month.
A leading member of the US Federal Reserve, Janet Yellen, head of the San Francisco Fed describing the US economy as being in "appearing to be in recession" and worryingly warning of the chances of inflation falling away next year in the US to replaced by price deflation.
The New York Fed produced its general economic index that had its worst reading since it started back in 2001, when the last US recession was starting.
In good and bad news, US producer prices fell for a second month in a row as oil and fuel costs fell, and demand eased.
The US Labor Department reported that prices paid to US producers fell 0.4%, while core price rose 0.4%. It's a sign more and more American companies are finding it tougher passing higher costs on up the production chain.
US consumer price inflation was better than forecast because of the fall in oil prices and slumping demand: they eased 0.1% for the second month in a row and rose 0.1% on a core basis. Inflation over the year to September was up 4.9% from 5.4% in August.
The fall in retail sales was the third in a row, and the deepest: it was driven by that 27% fall in US car sales in the month and falling levels of demand caused by the credit freeze as consumers were refused credit, or stopped buying on the cards.
Economists say that with retail sales down in the September quarter (and consumer spending and credit also lower) its looking certain that real consumption will fall for the first time in a quarter in the US for 17 years.
In Europe, Germany, the continent's biggest economy, has slashed its growth forecast dramatically.
The German government says growth for 2009 from 1.2% 0.2%, reflecting the rising international risks for the economy, although it warned the precise extent of the slowdown would depend on the severity and duration of the financial crisis.
The new estimate matches the joint forecast published by the country's leading economic institutes in their regular Autumn report on Tuesday. The institute also issued a worst-case scenario that could see Germany's economy shrink by 0.8% in 2009..
The fall in retail sales is making US retailers and forecasters increasingly wary about the highly important Thanksgiving-Christmas retailing season: it could be a terrible holiday for consumers, retailers and the economy and analysts now say the US will have its second quarterly slump in economic growth in a row in the December quarter.
Growth this quarter may dip into the red, and that will produce an outright recession by conventional US definitions.
Ms Yellen said the US economy was likely to see "essentially no growth" in the third quarter and that the fourth quarter "appears to be weaker yet, with an outright contraction quite likely."
"Indeed, the US economy appears to be in a recession," Yellen said.
Ebay forecast that quarterly sales, fourth-quarter and annual earnings forecasts would fall as growth slows at its web sites.
EBay forecast fourth-quarter revenue of $US2.02 billion to $US2.17 billion, compared with $US2.18 billion in the final quarter of 2007. the company said the value of goods sold on its sites fell 1% in the third quarter, the first drop in the company's history.
And late in the day the Fed produced its so-called Beige book.
"Reports indicated that economic activity weakened in September across all twelve Federal Reserve Districts. Several Districts also noted that their contacts had become more pessimistic about the economic outlook.
"Consumer spending decreased in most Districts, with declines reported in retailing, auto sales and tourism. Nearly all Districts commenting on nonfinancial service industries noted reduced activity. Manufacturing slowed in most Districts.
"Residential real estate markets remained weak, and commercial real estate activity slowed in many Districts. Credit conditions were characterized as being tight across the twelve Districts, with several reporting reduced credit availability for both financial and nonfinancial institutions.
"District reports on agriculture and natural resources were mostly positive, although adverse weather associated with hurricanes Ike and Gustav negatively affected the South and the Midwest. Inflationary pressures moderated a bit in September."
It was a very gloomy snapshot of an economy heading lower at increasing pace.
The Fed said that shoppers are becoming more price conscious, credit was becoming even harder to come by and this was sapping sales at the nation's retailers, the report said. Given this, retailers foresee a "weaker economic outlook, including a slow holiday season," the Fed said.
The survey was released shortly after Fed Chairman Ben Bernanke, in a speech in New York, warned that it would take time for the country's economic health to mend even if badly needed confidence in the US financial system returns and roiled markets stabilize.
In the UK unemployment is on its way to 2 million sometime in the next six months after another rise in August to 1.79 million, or 5.7%. As bad as that is, the rate is still well under America's 6.1%.
The official figures show that UK jobless rose 164,000 between June and the end of August. The higher-than-expected increase - of 0.5 percentage points to 5.7% was the largest since 1991 and the eighth successive monthly rise. (It's nine in a row in the US).
UK inflation hit an annual rate of 5.2%, a 16 year high.
Our unemployment rate in September rose to 4.3%, where are a long way from the depths of the US and UK economies!
In Europe, new car sales 8.2% last month as the financial crisis put off potential buyers.
The continent's automakers association said in a statement: "The drop in registrations confirms the aggravating market circumstances, as the fall-out of the financial crisis hits auto manufacturers hard."
"Customers are increasingly hesitant to make large expenditures and find it more difficult to get their purchase financed."
ACEA said a total of 1,304,583 new cars were registered in September in the 28 countries it reviewed - the 27 EU member states, minus Cyprus and Malta, plus Iceland, Norway and Switzerland.
In Moscow local bank Globex yesterday banned depositors from withdrawing their money as confidence in the Russian banking system began to show signs of ¬evaporating.
Globex is a mid-sized retail bank with assets of $US4 billion, according to the Financial Times. It's the first Russian bank to experience a run on deposits during the crisis.
It lost 28% of its deposits since the start of last month, according to local analysts.
At least a dozen other Russian banks have reported a sharp rise in withdrawals and account closures.
Hungary was plunged into deeper financial uncertainty overnight with its currency (the forint) and stock market falling sharply and bankers reporting credit shortages, as concern spread across eastern Europe about the impact of the global financial crisis.
In Budapest, the forint fell 5.3% to 266 to the euro and the BUX index of leading stocks closed down 12%, dragged down by a 15% fall of price of OTP, the country's biggest bank. Currencies and stock markets also fell in Poland, the Czech Republic, Romania and Ukraine.
The Hungarian turmoil followed moves by leading banks to stop or curtail foreign currency lending, the dominant form of credit in Hungary in recent years.
Analysts now say there's a rising chance that the inflow of foreign currency will slow, reducing the funds available for financing the country's current account and putting more pressure on the currency and on the solvency of banks and other financial groups.
The European central Bank will lend 5 billion euros to Hungary to support the currency and the economy.
So what does this mean for Australia?
Rory Robertson is an interest rate strategist at Macquarie Group; here's his take on what lies ahead for Australia. It's both positive and negative
Business investment is Australia's "weakest link"
Prospects for business investment have deteriorated sharply across the globe in recent months, as equity prices have imploded, credit conditions have tightened sharply and commodity prices have slumped. Keynes's famous "animal spirits" have been crushed, pretty well everywhere.
This is a big deal for Australia; because business fixed investment (BFI) is at a multi-decade record 16% of GDP, after having trended higher since the end of the early 1990s recession.
In the 2000s, the uptrend in BFI has been driven by spending buildings and structures, a chunk of it mining-related.
With animal spirits, spending power and commodity prices having turning down as the global credit crunch intensified, BFI will be the weakest link in Australian GDP growth in coming years.
Indeed, if the Australian economy goes into recession, BFI will be the main driver, as always.
Household spending will be relatively strong, particularly now that fiscal and monetary policy are providing a large boost to household cash flows via lower mortgage rates, and income top-ups for families, pensioners and first-home buyers (see below; and note the heavy official focus on mortgage rates rather than business borrowing rates, to this point at least).
Four upbeat factors that give Australia a fighting chance in global downturn
As regular readers are aware, I've been a bit of a "doom and gloomer" all year. In a NZ conference call last week, I was asked to say something positive, to highlight any recent positive developments. I highlighted four factors that give the Australian economy a fighting chance in a global recession:
• The RBA's effective policy framework, and plenty of monetary ammunition. The RBA has cut its cash rate by 125bp in the past six weeks, and the standard-variable mortgage rate has fallen by 105bp. The Fed, the ECB and the BOE can only dream of that sort of powerful pass-through.
Moreover, the cash rate still is a relatively high 6%, so there's plenty of room for lower rates as required. I'm guessing the RBA will cut to a "neutral" 5% by Christmas, dragging mortgage and business rates significantly lower (see further discussion below, and attached RBA Watch).
• The weak A$ now is Australia's new best friend, given the substantial recent drops in global commodity prices. The A$'s 20-30% decline from recent highs is a huge free kick to Australian exporters and import-competers, to the extent that it is sustained. As noted here last week, some of our tradeable sectors suddenly are back in business.
Yes, global demand is weakening fast but at least our tourism, agricultural, manufacturing, education and other tradeable sectors will sell more with the A$ near 70 US cents than near 90 US cents (or with the TWI in the 50s rather than in the 70s).
• Canberra's pristine balance sheet means there is plenty of fiscal ammunition. Canberra has plenty of room for counter-cyclical efforts, including new spending, tax cuts and loan guarantees, while both Canberra and the States have plenty of room to continue the expansion of their infrastructure programmes.
• Indeed, Canberra yesterday announced a pre-Christmas stimulus package worth perhaps 1% of GDP, featuring cash top-ups for pensioners, low and middle-income families and first home-buyers).
• Importantly, with a no-net-debt starting point and Australia's lenders well regulated and still-very profitable, Canberra's guarantee of financial system deposits and selected (new and existing) debt securities is absolutely credible.
• Australia's housing sector is widely seen as having the problem of "under building" rather than "over-building, as in the US. In Australia, rapid population growth - driven by immigration of 100-200k every year for the past decade - has collided with a flat two-decade trend in new home starts of only 150k per annum. Canberra has overseen the biggest immigration programme in Australia's history, without initiating the construction of extra homes ("land release" and "planning" for home-building generally is overseen by State and local governments).
The dismal lack of co-ordination between Canberra and the States on immigration and housing long has been seen as a problem, putting upward pressure on home prices and rents, and reducing "housing affordability". Now, Australia's slow-moving housing-supply response suddenly is a good thing, limiting the size of any future home-price falls.
Immigration and home prices
As you know, falling home prices are a major problem in the US, the UK and parts of Europe. The damage done by falling home prices to banks' balance sheets in these economies - and growing damage to consumer spending - obviously needs to be avoided in Australia.
According, while largely unstated, maintaining Australian home prices near current levels now is a major policy priority for the RBA and Canberra.
Aggressive rate cuts obviously help, so too yesterday's prodding of up-to 150k first-home buyers into action.
In this context, recent reports of growing pressure to reduce our immigration intake are somewhat disturbing.
Recall that, during the early-1990s recession, net immigration collapsed from 170k in 1989 to just 30k in 2003 (lowest four-quarters-ended figure), reinforcing the Australian economy's tendency to stall.
From a macroeconomic perspective, cutbacks of that order this time around should be avoided like the plague.
To recap, all the important policy efforts so far are counter-cyclical in nature: in particular, the RBA's rate cuts, Canberra's timely fiscal stimulus, as well as its guaranteeing of aspects of the financial sector, its promotion of mortgage lending and the ban on "short selling" (not to mention the big market-driven drop in the A$).
By contrast, reducing immigration is a pro-cyclical measure, essentially working against the policy initiatives listed above.
RBA policy, lower interest rates, and limiting falls in home prices
Those forecasting big falls in Australian home prices would do well to notice the recent dramatic drop in mortgage rates, with more to come.
The correspondingly sharp drops in interest payments relative to household income render much less relevant the elevated debt/income ratios parroted by some.
Comparing stocks with flows typically tells us little worth knowing; comparing interest payments with income (flow/flow) and debt with assets (stock/stock) provides more meaningful information.
With the world economic and financial backdrop having turned so nasty, aggressive RBA easing was/is the most obvious policy response available to support ongoing economic growth.
And in six short weeks, the RBA has demonstrated that its interest-rate tools are far more powerful than those available the Fed, the BOE and most if not all other central banks. Despite much media focus, elevated inter-bank lending rates haven't stopped big drops in mortgage rates in Australia.
To recap, the story so far:
• the RBA has cut its cash rate by 125bp in two steps (25bp followed by 100bp), with more to come;
• the three-month bank-bill rate (BBSW, a key guide to a chunk of bank-funding costs) has dropped by about 1-1/3pp over the past month, to 6.1%; and
• Headline mortgage rates have fallen by 105bp, to about 8-1/2%. Furthermore, three-year fixed mortgage rates have dropped by more than 1pp and now are widely available near 7%. Other important lending rates also are coming down, though not as quickly.
In Australia, the 84% (105bp/125bp) pass-through so far from the cash rate to standard mortgage rates has greatly surprised the consensus, because when I wrote a note in August headlined "First 50bp of cuts to be 'passed on'", many/most were sceptical to say the least.
Importantly, the latest funding assistance provided by the RBA to major home lenders may mean that the next cash-rate cut will pass-through to headline mortgage rates in full.
That is, the RBA last Thursday announced the availability of six-month and one-year repos against "related party" collateral in the form of residential mortgage-backed securities (RMBS) and asset-backed commercial paper (ABCP).
On top of that assistance, Canberra's announcement on Sunday helps with "term funding" for periods of up to five years (see Expansion Of Domestic Market Facilities and Guarantee of Wholesale Funding and Deposits ).
Critically, recent 1pp-plus drops in cash, BBSW and mortgage rates are gold for Australian home-buyers, providing major cash flow support to the household sector and home prices, something the Fed can only dream about.
That is, despite the funds rate being cut from 5.25% to 1.5%, the rate on (predominant) US 30-year fixed-rate mortgages has dropped by only around 50bp, to 6% or so, when credit is available.
